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436 lines
9.8 KiB
Markdown
436 lines
9.8 KiB
Markdown
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class: center, middle, ferris
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Introduction to Rust
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====================
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Wesley Moore
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------------
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---
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# Agenda
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1. Features
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2. Tooling
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3. Concepts
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4. Demo
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5. Questions
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---
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# Introduction
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```rust
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fn main() {
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println!("Rust Introduction");
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}
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```
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> **Rust** is a systems programming language that runs blazingly fast, prevents
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> segfaults, and guarantees thread safety.
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— [rust-lang.org](https://www.rust-lang.org/)
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---
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# Systems Programming Language
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* Compiles to native code.
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--
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* Aims to solve the same sorts of problems that C and C++ are used to solve but
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with improved safety.
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--
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* Also seeing use in:
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--
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* Web (front and backend)
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--
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* Operating systems ([Redox OS][redox])
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--
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* Embedded systems (microcontrollers)
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---
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# Runs Blazingly Fast
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---
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# Runs Blazingly Fast
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* No interpreter, no runtime.
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--
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* Memory safety without garbage collection.
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--
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* Zero cost abstractions.
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---
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class: segfaults
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# Prevents Segfaults
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* No `nil`, `NULL` or other [billion dollar mistakes][billion-dollar-mistake].
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This is not a thing. At all. Ever.
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.center[[billion-dollar-mistake]: https://www.infoq.com/presentations/Null-References-The-Billion-Dollar-Mistake-Tony-Hoare]
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---
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# Guarantees Thread Safety
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* Strongly, statically typed with an emphasis on safety and correctness.
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--
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* Ownership model tracks owner and lifetime of memory.
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--
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* No data races: Compiler knows which thread owns what data.
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--
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* This leads to, "[Fearless Concurrency][fearless-concurrency]".
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> Mozilla made two previous attempts to parallelize its style system in C++,
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> and both of them failed. But Rust’s fearless concurrency has made parallelism
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> practical!
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— [Fearless Concurrency in Firefox Quantum](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2017/11/14/Fearless-Concurrency-In-Firefox-Quantum.html) (Nov 2017)
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---
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# Strong Static Type System
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* Do more at compile time so fewer tests and runtime checks are required.
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--
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* Concepts mostly familiar. No need to learn an entirely new paradigm.
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--
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* Traits and generics instead of objects and inheritance.
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--
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* Type inference reduces the need to provide type annotations.
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--
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* Refactor with impunity — even in large code bases.
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---
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# Tooling
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Official distribution includes: `cargo`
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--
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:
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* Build tool (no Makefiles)
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--
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* Package manager (like bundler)
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--
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* Test runner
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--
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* Documentation generator
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---
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## Releases
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Generally managed with `rustup`
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--
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:
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* Official toolchain manager (like rbenv)
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--
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* New releases every 6 weeks
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* Committed to backwards compatibility in every release.
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---
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class: crates
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# Crates
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* Rust favours a small, stable standard library.
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* Crates are the equivalent of Ruby gems. They are published to
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[crates.io](https://crates.io/).
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---
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# Community and Direction
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* RFC process.
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--
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* Systematic improvement.
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--
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* Emphasis on inclusion and building a friendly community.
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---
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class: center, middle, bigger
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Concepts
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========
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---
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# Functions
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```rust
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fn add(left: i32, right: i32) -> i32 {
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left + right
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}
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fn main() {
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let sum = add(2, 3);
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}
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```
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---
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# Conditionals: if
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```rust
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let temperature: i32 = 29;
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if temperature > 25 {
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println!("Wesley is happy");
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}
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else {
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println!("Too cold");
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}
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```
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---
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# Conditionals: match
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Can match structure and values:
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```rust
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let month = "jan";
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match month {
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"jan" => 1, "feb" => 2,
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"mar" => 3, "apr" => 4,
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"may" => 5, "jun" => 6,
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"jul" => 7, "aug" => 8,
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"sep" => 9, "oct" => 10,
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"nov" => 11, "dec" => 12,
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_ => panic!("invalid month"),
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};
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```
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---
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# Loops
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```rust
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let numbers = [1, 2, 3];
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for i in numbers.iter() {
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// do something
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}
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for i in 0..10 {
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// do something
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}
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```
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Also less frequently used commonly used `loop` and `while`.
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---
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# Functional or Imperative
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```rust
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fn variance_mean(data: &[f64], mean: f64) -> f64 {
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let mut sum = 0.;
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for d in data {
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sum += (d - mean).powf(2.0);
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}
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sum / data.len() as f64
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}
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```
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Code from [hydromath] crate by Andrew MacDonald.
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---
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# Functional or Imperative
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```rust
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fn variance_mean(data: &[f64], mean: f64) -> f64 {
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data.into_iter()
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.map(|d| (d - mean).powf(2.0))
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.sum::<f64>() / data.len() as f64
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}
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```
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--
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You pay _no cost_ for using the higher level style, it compiles to identical
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machine code (I checked).
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---
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# enums
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Type that represents one possibility of several variants. Variants may optionally
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carry data.
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```rust
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enum SerialProtocol {
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Usb,
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Rs485,
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Rs232,
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I2C,
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Spi,
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}
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```
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---
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# structs
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Type that carries structured data.
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```rust
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struct Person {
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name: String,
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age: i32,
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favourite_serial_protocol: SerialProtocol,
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}
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impl Person {
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fn name_and_age(&self) -> String {
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format!("{} is {} years old", self.name, self.age)
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}
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}
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```
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---
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# Option
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Instead of `nil` and `NULL` there is `Option`.
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* Used to represent something that may be absent.
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```rust
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enum Option<T> {
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Some(T),
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None
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}
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```
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---
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# Result
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When something can succeed or fail with an error.
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* There are no exceptions in Rust, `Result` is how you handle errors.
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```rust
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enum Result<T, E> {
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Ok(T),
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Err(E)
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}
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```
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---
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Demo
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====
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Small tool that will determine a file's type from its extension:
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```shell
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filetype src/main.rs somefile.rb
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```
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Should give output like:
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```
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Rust: src/main.rs
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Ruby: src/somefile.rb
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```
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---
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class: center, middle, bigger
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Demo
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====
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---
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class: center, middle, invert, bigger
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Questions?
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==========
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---
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Credits
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=======
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* [Animated Ferris][animated-ferris] by A. L. Palmer, via [rustacean.net][rustacean].
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* Portions of this talk were derived from [A Very Brief Intro to Rust][rust-intro]
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Copyright © 2016 Ashley Williams.
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* Benchmarks chart generated from data on [The Computer Language
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Benchmarks Game][benchmarks] on 10 Jan 2018.
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[rust-intro]: https://github.com/rustbridge/a-very-brief-intro-to-rust
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[animated-ferris]: https://www.behance.net/gallery/42774743/Rustacean
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[rustacean]: http://rustacean.net/
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[fearless-concurrency]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ch16-00-concurrency.html
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[redox]: https://www.redox-os.org/
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[hydromath]: https://github.com/amacd31/hydromath_rs
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[benchmarks]: https://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/
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