wezm.net/v2/content/posts/2024/youtube-subscriptions-opml/index.md

+++
title = "Exporting YouTube Subscriptions to OPML and Watching via RSS"
date = 2024-05-06T10:38:22+10:00

[extra]
updated = 2024-05-06T20:24:23+10:00
+++

This post describes how I exported my 500+ YouTube subscriptions to an OPML
file so that I could import them into my RSS reader. I go into fine detail
about the scripts and tools I used. If you just want to see the end result the
code is in [this repository][repo], which describes the steps needed to run it.

I was previously a YouTube Premium subscriber but I cancelled it when they
jacked up the already high prices. Since then I've been watching videos in
[NewPipe] on my Android tablet or via an [Invidious] instance on real
computers.

<!-- more -->

To import my subscriptions into NewPipe I was able to use the
`subscriptions.csv` file included in the Google Takeout dump of my YouTube
data. This worked fine initially but imposed some friction when adding new
subscriptions.

If I only subscribed to new channels in NewPipe they were only
accessible on my tablet. If I added them to YouTube then I had to remember to
also add them in NewPipe, which was inconvenient if I wasn't using the tablet
at the time. Inevitably the subscriptions would drift out of sync and I would have to
periodically re-import the subscriptions from YouTube into NewPipe. This was
cumbersome as it doesn't seem to have a way to do this incrementally. Last time
I had to nuke all its data in order to re-import.

To solve these problems I wanted to manage my subscriptions in my RSS reader,
[Feedbin]. This way Feedbin would track my subscriptions and new/viewed videos
in a way that would sync between all my devices. Notably this is possible
because Google actually publishes an RSS feed for each YouTube channel.

To do that I needed to export all my subscriptions to an OPML file that Feedbin
could import. I opted to do that without requesting another Google Takeout dump
as they take a long time to generate and also result in multiple gigabytes of
archives I have to download (it includes all the videos I've uploaded to my
personal account) just to get at the `subscriptions.csv` file within.

### Generating OPML

I started
by visiting my [subscriptions page][subscriptions] and using some JavaScript to
generate a JSON array of all the channels I am subscribed to:

```javascript
copy(JSON.stringify(Array.from(new Set(Array.prototype.map.call(document.querySelectorAll('a.channel-link'), (link) => link.href))).filter((x) => !x.includes('/channel/')), null, 2))
```

This snippet:

- queries the page for all channel links
- gets the link URL of each matching element
- Creates a `Set` from them to de-duplicate them
- Turns the set back into an `Array`
- filters out ones that contain `/channel/` to exclude some links like Trending
  that also appear on that page
- Turns the Array into pretty printed JSON
- Copies it to the clipboard

With the list of channel URLs on my clipboard I pasted this into a
`subscriptions.json` file. The challenge now was that these URLs were of the
channel pages like:

`https://www.youtube.com/@mooretech`

but the RSS URL of a channel is like:

`https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=<CHANNEL_ID>`,

which means I needed to determine the channel id for each page. To do that
without futzing around with Google API keys and APIs I needed to download the
HTML of each channel page.

First I generated a config file for `curl` from the JSON file:

    jaq --raw-output '.[] | (split("/") | last) as $name | "url \(.)\noutput \($name).html"' subscriptions.json > subscriptions.curl

[jaq] is an alternative implementation of [jq] that I use. This `jaq` expression does the following:

- `.[]` iterate over each element of the `subscriptions.json` array.
- `(split("/") | last) as $$name` split the URL on `/` and take the last element, storing it in a variable called `$name`.
  - for a URL like `https://www.youtube.com/@mooretech` this stores `@mooretech` in `$name`.
- `"url \(.)\noutput \($$name).html"` generates the output text interpolating the channel page url and channel name.

This results in lines like this for each entry in `subscriptions.json`, output
to `subscriptions.curl`:

    url https://www.youtube.com/@mooretech
    output @mooretech.html

I then ran `curl` against this file to download all the pages:

    curl --location --output-dir html --create-dirs --rate 1/s --config subscriptions.curl

- `--location` tells curl to follow redirects, for some reason three of my subscriptions redirected to alternate names when accessed.
- `--output-dir` tells curl to output the files into the `html` directory.
- `--create-dirs` tells curl to create output directories if they don't exist (just the `html` one in this case).
- `--rate 1/s` tells curl to only download at a rate of 1 page per second—I was concerned YouTube might block me if I requested the pages too quickly.
- `--config subscriptions.curl` tells curl to read additional command line arguments from the `subscriptions.curl` file generated above.

Now that I had the HTML for each channel I needed to extract the channel id
from it. While I was processing each HTML file I also extracted the channel
title for use later. For each HTML file I ran this script on it. I called the
script `generate-json-opml`:

```sh
#!/bin/sh

set -eu

URL="$1"
NAME=$(echo "$URL" | awk -F / '{ print $NF }')
HTML="html/${NAME}.html"
CHANNEL_ID=$(scraper -a content 'meta[property="og:url"]' < "$HTML" | awk -F / '{ print $NF }')
TITLE=$(scraper -a content 'meta[property="og:title"]' < "$HTML")
XML_URL="https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=${CHANNEL_ID}"

json_escape() {
  echo "$1" | jaq --raw-input .
}

JSON_TITLE=$(json_escape "$TITLE")
JSON_XML_URL=$(json_escape "$XML_URL")
JSON_URL=$(json_escape "$URL")

printf '{"title": %s, "xmlUrl": %s, "htmlUrl": %s}\n' "$JSON_TITLE" "$JSON_XML_URL" "$JSON_URL" > json/"$NAME".json
```

Let's break that down:

- The channel URL is stored in `URL`.
- The channel name is determined by using `awk` to split the URL on `/` and take the last element.
- The path to the downloaded HTML page is stored in `HTML`.
- The channel id is determined by finding the `<meta>` tag in the html with a `property` attribute of `og:url` (the [OpenGraph metadata][OpenGraph] URL property). This URL is again split on `/` and the last element stored in `CHANNEL_ID`.
  - Querying the HTML is done with a tool called [scraper] that allows you to use CSS selectors to extract parts of a HTML document.
- The channel title is done similarly by extracting the value of the `og:title` metadata.
- The URL of the RSS feed for the channel is stored in `XML_URL` using `CHANNEL_ID`.
- A function to escape strings destined for JSON is defined. This makes use of `jaq`.
- `TITLE`, `XML_URL`, and `URL` are escaped.
- Finally we generate a JSON object with the title, URL, and RSS URL and write it into a `json` directory under the name of the channel.

**Update:** [Stephen pointed out on Mastodon][sedmonds] that the HTML contains the usual
`<link rel="alternate"` tag for RSS auto-discovery. I did check for that initially but
I think the Firefox dev tools where having a bad time with the large size of the YouTube
pages and didn't show me any matches at the time. Anyway, that could have been used to
find the feed URL directly instead of building it from the `og:url`.

Ok, almost there. That script had to be run for each of the channel URLs.
First I generated a file with just a plain text list of the channel URLs:

    jaq --raw-output '.[]' subscriptions.json > subscriptions.txt

Then I used `xargs` to process them in parallel:

    xargs -n1 --max-procs=$(nproc) --arg-file subscriptions.txt --verbose ./generate-json-opml

This does the following:

- `-n1` read one line from `subscriptions.txt` to be passed as the argument to `generate-json-opml`.
- `--max-procs=$(nproc)` run up the number of cores my machine has in parallel.
- `--arg-file subscriptions.txt` read arguments for `generate-json-opml` from `subscriptions.txt`.
- `--verbose` show the commands being run.
- `./generate-json-opml` the command to run (this is the script above).

Finally all those JSON files need to be turned into an OPML file. For this I
used Python:

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

import email.utils
import glob
import json
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

opml = ET.Element("opml")

head = ET.SubElement(opml, "head")
title = ET.SubElement(head, "title")
title.text = "YouTube Subscriptions"
dateCreated = ET.SubElement(head, "dateCreated")
dateCreated.text = email.utils.formatdate(timeval=None, localtime=True)

body = ET.SubElement(opml, "body")
youtube = ET.SubElement(body, "outline", {"title": "YouTube", "text": "YouTube"})

for path in glob.glob("json/*.json"):
    with open(path) as f:
        info = json.load(f)
        ET.SubElement(youtube, "outline", info, type="rss", text=info["title"])

ET.indent(opml)
print(ET.tostring(opml, encoding="unicode", xml_declaration=True))
```

This generates an OPML file (which is XML) using the ElementTree library. The
OPML file has this structure:

```xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<opml>
  <head>
    <title>YouTube Subscriptions</title>
    <dateCreated>Sun, 05 May 2024 15:57:23 +1000</dateCreated>
  </head>
  <body>
    <outline title="YouTube" text="YouTube">
      <outline title="MooreTech" xmlUrl="https://www.youtube.com/feeds/videos.xml?channel_id=UCLi0H57HGGpAdCkVOb_ykVg" htmlUrl="https://www.youtube.com/@mooretech" type="rss" text="MooreTech" />
    </outline>
  </body>
</opml>
```

It does the following:

- Generates the top level OPML structure.
- For each JSON file, read and parse the JSON and then use that to generate an `outline` entry for that channel.
- Indent the OPML document.
- Write it to stdout using a Unicode encoding with an XML declaration (`<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>`).

Whew that was a lot! With the OPML file generated I was finally able to import
all my subscriptions into Feedbin.

All the code is available in [this
repository](https://forge.wezm.net/wezm/youtube-to-opml). In practice I used a
`Makefile` to run the various commands so that I didn't have to remember them.

### Watching videos from Feedbin

Now that Feedbin is the source of truth for subscriptions, how do I actually
watch them? I set up the [FeedMe] app on my Android tablet. In the settings I
enabled the NewPipe integration and set it to open the video page when tapped:

{{ figure(image="posts/2024/youtube-subscriptions-opml/feedme-settings.png", link="posts/2024/youtube-subscriptions-opml/feedme-settings.png", alt='Screenshot of the FeedMe integration settings. There are lots of apps listed. The entry for NewPipe is turned on.', caption="Screenshot of the FeedMe integration settings") }}

Now when viewing an item in FeedMe there is a NewPipe button that I can tap to
watch it:

{{ figure(image="posts/2024/youtube-subscriptions-opml/feedme.png", link="posts/2024/youtube-subscriptions-opml/feedme.png", alt='Screenshot of FeedMe viewing a video item. In the top left there is a NewPipe button, which when tapped opens the video in NewPipe.', caption="Screenshot of FeedMe viewing a video item") }}

### Closing Thoughts & Future Work

Could I have done all the processing to generate the OPML file with a single
Python file? Yes, but I rarely write Python so I preferred to just cobble
things together from tools I already knew.

Should I ever become a YouTube Premium subscriber again I can continue to
use this workflow and watch the videos from the YouTube embeds that
Feedbin generates, or open the item in the YouTube app instead of NewPipe.

At some point I'd like to work out how to get Feedbin to filter out YouTube
Shorts. It has the ability to automatically filter items matching any of the
supported [search syntax][feedbin-search] but I'm not sure if Shorts are
easily identifiable.

Lastly, what about desktop usage? When I'm on a real computer I read my RSS via
the Feedbin web app. It supports [custom sharing
integrations][feedbin-sharing]. In order to open a video on an Invidious
instance I need to rewrite it from a URL like:

<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1wfCnRINkE>

to one like:

<https://invidious.perennialte.ch/watch?v=u1wfCnRINkE>.

I can't do that
directly with a Feedbin custom sharing service definition but it would be
trivial to set up a little redirector application to do it. I even published [a
video on building a very similar thing][url-shortener] last year. Alternatively
I could install a [redirector browser
plugin](https://docs.invidious.io/redirector/), although that would require set
up on each of the computers and OS installs I use so I prefer the former
option.

### Comments

* [Fediverse](https://mastodon.decentralised.social/@wezm/112391817575822540)
* [Lobsters](https://lobste.rs/s/n3dnfa/exporting_youtube_subscriptions_opml)
<!-- * [Hacker News](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36742534) -->


[url-shortener]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-tsfUVg4II
[Invidious]: https://invidious.io/
[Feedbin]: https://feedbin.com/
[scraper]: https://github.com/causal-agent/scraper
[repo]: https://forge.wezm.net/wezm/youtube-to-opml
[NewPipe]: https://newpipe.net/
[subscriptions]: https://www.youtube.com/feed/channels
[jaq]: https://github.com/01mf02/jaq
[jq]: https://jqlang.github.io/jq/
[FeedMe]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.seazon.feedme
[feedbin-sharing]: https://feedbin.com/help/sharing-read-it-later-services/
[OpenGraph]: https://ogp.me/
[feedbin-search]: https://feedbin.com/help/search-syntax/
[sedmonds]: https://aus.social/@popcorncx/112392881683597817