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title = "Trying to Run Rust on Classic Mac OS"
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date = 2023-02-27T10:06:28+10:00
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#[extra]
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#updated = 2023-01-11T21:11:28+10:00
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+++
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I recently acquired a Power Macintosh 9500/150 and after cleaning it up and
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building a [BlueSCSI] to replace the failed hard drive it's now in a
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semi-operational state. This weekend I thought I'd see if I could build a Mac
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app for it that called some Rust code. This post details my trials and
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tribulations.
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<!-- more -->
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I started by building [Retro68], which is a modernish GCC based toolchain
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that allows cross-compiling applications for 68K and PPC Macs. With Retro68
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built I set up a VM in [SheepShaver] running Mac OS 8.1. Using the LaunchAAPL
|
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and LaunchAAPLServer tools that come with Retro68 I was able to build the
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sample applications and launch them in the emulated Mac.
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With the basic workflow working I set about creating a Rust project that built
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a static library with one very basic exported function. It just returns a
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static [Pascal string] when called.
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```rust
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#![no_std]
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#![feature(lang_items)]
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use core::panic::PanicInfo;
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static MSG: &[u8] = b"\x04Rust";
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#[no_mangle]
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pub unsafe extern "C" fn hello_rust() -> *const u8 {
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MSG.as_ptr()
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}
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#[panic_handler]
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fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo<'_>) -> ! {
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loop {}
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}
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#[lang = "eh_personality"]
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extern "C" fn eh_personality() {}
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#[cfg(test)]
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mod tests {
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use super::*;
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#[test]
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fn test_msg_is_pascal_string() {
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assert_eq!(MSG[0], MSG[1..].len().try_into().unwrap());
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}
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}
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```
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Classic Mac OS is not a target that Rust knows about so I created a custom
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target JSON definition named `powerpc-apple-macos.json` based on prior work by
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kmeisthax in [this GitHub discussion](https://github.com/autc04/Retro68/discussions/123#discussioncomment-597268):
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```json
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{
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"arch": "powerpc",
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"data-layout": "E-m:a-p:32:32-i64:64-n32",
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"executables": true,
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"llvm-target": "powerpc-unknown-none",
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"max-atomic-width": 32,
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"os": "macosclassic",
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"vendor": "apple",
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"target-endian": "big",
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"target-pointer-width": "32",
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"linker": "powerpc-apple-macos-gcc",
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"linker-flavor": "gcc",
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"linker-is-gnu": true
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}
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```
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I was able to build the static library with this cargo invocation:
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```
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cargo +nightly build --release -Z build-std=core --target powerpc-apple-macos.json
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```
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It's using nightly because it's using unstable features to build `core` and the
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`eh_personality` lang item in the code.
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This successfully compiles and produces
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`target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.a`
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I used the [Dialog sample] from Retro68 as the basis of my Mac app. Here it is
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running prior to Rust integration:
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{{ figure(image="posts/2023/rust-on-ppc-classic-mac-os/dialog-sample.png", link="posts/2023/rust-on-ppc-classic-mac-os/dialog-sample.png", alt="Screenshot of SheepShaver running Mac OS 8.1. It shows some Finder windows with a frontmost dialog that has a text label, text field, radio buttons, check box and Quit button.", caption="Dialog Sample") }}
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This is my tweaked version of the C file:
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```c
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/*
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Copyright 2015 Wolfgang Thaller.
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This file is part of Retro68.
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|
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Retro68 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
||||
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
||||
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
|
||||
(at your option) any later version.
|
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|
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Retro68 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
||||
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||||
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
||||
GNU General Public License for more details.
|
||||
|
||||
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
||||
along with Retro68. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|
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*/
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#include <Quickdraw.h>
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#include <Dialogs.h>
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#include <Fonts.h>
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#ifndef TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
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/* NOTE: this is checking whether the Dialogs.h we use *knows* about Carbon,
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not whether we are actually compiling for Cabon.
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If Dialogs.h is older, we add a define to be able to use the new name
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for NewUserItemUPP, which used to be NewUserItemProc. */
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#define NewUserItemUPP NewUserItemProc
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#endif
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extern ConstStringPtr hello_rust(void);
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pascal void ButtonFrameProc(DialogRef dlg, DialogItemIndex itemNo)
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{
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DialogItemType type;
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Handle itemH;
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Rect box;
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GetDialogItem(dlg, 1, &type, &itemH, &box);
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InsetRect(&box, -4, -4);
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PenSize(3,3);
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FrameRoundRect(&box,16,16);
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}
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|
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int main(void)
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{
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#if !TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
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InitGraf(&qd.thePort);
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InitFonts();
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InitWindows();
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InitMenus();
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TEInit();
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InitDialogs(NULL);
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#endif
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DialogPtr dlg = GetNewDialog(128,0,(WindowPtr)-1);
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InitCursor();
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SelectDialogItemText(dlg,4,0,32767);
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ConstStr255Param param1 = hello_rust();
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ParamText(param1, "\p", "\p", "\p");
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DialogItemType type;
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Handle itemH;
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Rect box;
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|
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GetDialogItem(dlg, 2, &type, &itemH, &box);
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SetDialogItem(dlg, 2, type, (Handle) NewUserItemUPP(&ButtonFrameProc), &box);
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ControlHandle cb, radio1, radio2;
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GetDialogItem(dlg, 5, &type, &itemH, &box);
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cb = (ControlHandle)itemH;
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GetDialogItem(dlg, 6, &type, &itemH, &box);
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radio1 = (ControlHandle)itemH;
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GetDialogItem(dlg, 7, &type, &itemH, &box);
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radio2 = (ControlHandle)itemH;
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SetControlValue(radio1, 1);
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|
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short item;
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do {
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ModalDialog(NULL, &item);
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|
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if(item >= 5 && item <= 7)
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{
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if(item == 5)
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SetControlValue(cb, !GetControlValue(cb));
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if(item == 6 || item == 7)
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{
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SetControlValue(radio1, item == 6);
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SetControlValue(radio2, item == 7);
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}
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}
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} while(item != 1);
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FlushEvents(everyEvent, -1);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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And this is the resource file (`dialog.r`):
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|
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```
|
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/*
|
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Copyright 2015 Wolfgang Thaller.
|
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|
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This file is part of Retro68.
|
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|
||||
Retro68 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
||||
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
||||
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
|
||||
(at your option) any later version.
|
||||
|
||||
Retro68 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
||||
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||||
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
||||
GNU General Public License for more details.
|
||||
|
||||
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
||||
along with Retro68. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
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#include "Dialogs.r"
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resource 'DLOG' (128) {
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{ 50, 100, 240, 420 },
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dBoxProc,
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visible,
|
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noGoAway,
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0,
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128,
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"",
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centerMainScreen
|
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};
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|
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resource 'DITL' (128) {
|
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{
|
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{ 190-10-20, 320-10-80, 190-10, 320-10 },
|
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Button { enabled, "Quit" };
|
||||
|
||||
{ 190-10-20-5, 320-10-80-5, 190-10+5, 320-10+5 },
|
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UserItem { enabled };
|
||||
|
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{ 10, 10, 30, 310 },
|
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StaticText { enabled, "Hello ^0" };
|
||||
|
||||
{ 40, 10, 56, 310 },
|
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EditText { enabled, "Edit Text Item" };
|
||||
|
||||
{ 70, 10, 86, 310 },
|
||||
CheckBox { enabled, "Check Box" };
|
||||
|
||||
{ 90, 10, 106, 310 },
|
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RadioButton { enabled, "Radio 1" };
|
||||
|
||||
{ 110, 10, 126, 310 },
|
||||
RadioButton { enabled, "Radio 2" };
|
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}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
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#include "Processes.r"
|
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|
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resource 'SIZE' (-1) {
|
||||
reserved,
|
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acceptSuspendResumeEvents,
|
||||
reserved,
|
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canBackground,
|
||||
doesActivateOnFGSwitch,
|
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backgroundAndForeground,
|
||||
dontGetFrontClicks,
|
||||
ignoreChildDiedEvents,
|
||||
is32BitCompatible,
|
||||
#ifdef TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
|
||||
isHighLevelEventAware,
|
||||
#else
|
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notHighLevelEventAware,
|
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#endif
|
||||
onlyLocalHLEvents,
|
||||
notStationeryAware,
|
||||
dontUseTextEditServices,
|
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reserved,
|
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reserved,
|
||||
reserved,
|
||||
#ifdef TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
|
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500 * 1024, // Carbon apparently needs additional memory.
|
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500 * 1024
|
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#else
|
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100 * 1024,
|
||||
100 * 1024
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The main differences are:
|
||||
|
||||
* `extern` declaration for the Rust function
|
||||
* Using the string returned from `hello_rust` to set `ParamText`
|
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* Changing the StaticText control's text to "Hello ^0" in order to make use of
|
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the `ParamText`
|
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* Adding `target_link_libraries(Dialog ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.a)`
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to `CMakeLists.txt` to have CMake link with the Rust library.
|
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|
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{{ figure(image="posts/2023/rust-on-ppc-classic-mac-os/ParamText.jpg", link="posts/2023/rust-on-ppc-classic-mac-os/ParamText.jpg", alt="Photo of ParamText documentation from my copy of Inside Macintosh Volume Ⅰ", caption="ParamText documentation from my copy of Inside Macintosh Volume Ⅰ") }}
|
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|
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Now when building the project we get…
|
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|
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```
|
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ninja: Entering directory `cmake-build-retro68ppc'
|
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[1/4] Linking C executable Dialog.xcoff
|
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FAILED: Dialog.xcoff
|
||||
: && /home/wmoore/Source/github.com/autc04/Retro68-build/toolchain/bin/powerpc-apple-macos-gcc -Wl,-gc-sections CMakeFiles/Dialog.dir/dialog.obj -o Dialog.xcoff /home/wmoore/Projects/classic-mac-rust/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.a && :
|
||||
/home/wmoore/Source/github.com/autc04/Retro68-build/toolchain/lib/gcc/powerpc-apple-macos/9.1.0/../../../../powerpc-apple-macos/bin/ld:/home/wmoore/Projects/classic-mac-rust/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.a: file format not recognized; treating as linker script
|
||||
/home/wmoore/Source/github.com/autc04/Retro68-build/toolchain/lib/gcc/powerpc-apple-macos/9.1.0/../../../../powerpc-apple-macos/bin/ld:/home/wmoore/Projects/classic-mac-rust/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.a:1: syntax error
|
||||
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
|
||||
ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It doesn't like `libclassic_mac_rust.a`. Some investigation shows that the objects in the library
|
||||
are in ELF format. `powerpc-apple-macos-objcopy --info` shows that Retro68 does not handle
|
||||
ELF:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
BFD header file version (GNU Binutils) 2.31.1
|
||||
xcoff-powermac
|
||||
(header big endian, data big endian)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
srec
|
||||
(header endianness unknown, data endianness unknown)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
symbolsrec
|
||||
(header endianness unknown, data endianness unknown)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
verilog
|
||||
(header endianness unknown, data endianness unknown)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
tekhex
|
||||
(header endianness unknown, data endianness unknown)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
binary
|
||||
(header endianness unknown, data endianness unknown)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
ihex
|
||||
(header endianness unknown, data endianness unknown)
|
||||
powerpc:common
|
||||
rs6000:6000
|
||||
|
||||
xcoff-powermac srec symbolsrec verilog tekhex binary ihex
|
||||
powerpc:common xcoff-powermac srec symbolsrec verilog tekhex binary ihex
|
||||
rs6000:6000 xcoff-powermac srec symbolsrec verilog tekhex binary ihex
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It looks like it really only supports `xcoff-powermac`, which was derived from
|
||||
rs6000 AIX. At this point I tried to find a way to convert my ELF objects to
|
||||
XCOFF. I eventually stumbled across
|
||||
[this thread on the Haiku forum](https://discuss.haiku-os.org/t/xcoff-pef/12445/15)
|
||||
that mentions that `powerpc-linux-gnu-binutils` on Debian knows about
|
||||
`aixcoff-rs6000`. So I fired up a Debian docker container and tried converting
|
||||
my `.a`, and it worked:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
docker run --rm -it -v $(pwd):/src debian:testing
|
||||
apt update
|
||||
apt install powerpc-linux-gnu-binutils
|
||||
powerpc-linux-gnu-objcopy -O aixcoff-rs6000 /src/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.a /src/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.obj
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Examining the objects in the new archive showed that they were now in the same
|
||||
format as the objects generated by Retro68. I updated the `CMakeLists.txt` to
|
||||
point at the new library and tried building again:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
/home/wmoore/Source/github.com/autc04/Retro68-build/toolchain/lib/gcc/powerpc-apple-macos/9.1.0/../../../../powerpc-apple-macos/bin/ld: /home/wmoore/Projects/classic-mac-rust/target/powerpc-apple-macos/release/libclassic_mac_rust.obj(classic_mac_rust-80e61781bab75910.classic_mac_rust.9ba2ce33-cgu.0.rcgu.o): class 2 symbol `hello_rust' has no aux entries
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now we get further. It can read the `.a` now and even sees the `hello_rust`
|
||||
symbol but it
|
||||
[looks like it's looking for an aux entry to determine the symbol type](https://github.com/autc04/Retro68/blob/5f882506013a0a8a4335350197a1b7c91763494e/binutils/bfd/xcofflink.c#L1461-L1478)
|
||||
but not finding one. AUX entries are an
|
||||
[XCOFF](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=formats-xcoff-object-file-format)
|
||||
thing.
|
||||
|
||||
One other thing I tried was setting the `llvm-target` in the custom target JSON
|
||||
to `powerpc-ibm-aix`. Due to the heritage of PPC Mac OS the ABI is the same
|
||||
(Apple used the AIX toolchain, which is why object files use XCOFF even though
|
||||
executables use PEF). This target would be ideal as it would use the right ABI
|
||||
and emit XCOFF by default.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately it runs into unimplemented parts of LLVM's XCOFF implementation:
|
||||
|
||||
> LLVM ERROR: relocation for paired relocatable term is not yet supported
|
||||
|
||||
Rust uses a fork/snapshot of LLVM but the
|
||||
[issue is still present in LLVM master](https://github.com/rust-lang/llvm-project/blob/5ef9f9948fca7cb39dd6c1935ca4e819fb7a0db2/llvm/lib/MC/XCOFFObjectWriter.cpp).
|
||||
[This post on writing a Mac OS 9 application in Swift][swift] goes down a
|
||||
similar path using the AIX target and also mentions patching the Swift compiler
|
||||
to avoid the unsupported parts of LLVMs XCOFF implementation. That's an avenue
|
||||
for future experimentation.
|
||||
|
||||
### rustc\_codegen\_gcc
|
||||
|
||||
At this point I decided to try a different approach.
|
||||
[rustc\_codegen\_gcc](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc_codegen_gcc) is a
|
||||
codegen plugin that uses [libgccjit] for code generation instead of LLVM. The
|
||||
motivation of the project is promising for my use case:
|
||||
|
||||
> The primary goal of this project is to be able to compile Rust code on
|
||||
> platforms unsupported by LLVM.
|
||||
|
||||
I found the instructions for using `rustc_codegen_gcc` a bit difficult to
|
||||
follow, especially when trying to build a cross-compiler.
|
||||
|
||||
I eventually managed to rebuild Retro68 with `libgccjit` enabled and then coax
|
||||
`rustc_codegen_gcc` to use it. Unsurprisingly that quickly failed as Retro68 is
|
||||
based on GCC 9.1 and `rustc_codegen_gcc` is building against GCC master and
|
||||
there were many missing symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
Undeterred I noted that there is a WIP GCC 12.2 branch in the Retro68 repo so I
|
||||
built that and tweaked `rustc_codegen_gcc` to disable the `master` cargo
|
||||
feature that should in theory allow it to build against a GCC release. This did
|
||||
in fact allow me to get a bit further but I ran into more issues in the step
|
||||
that attempts to build `compiler-rt` and `core`. Eventually I gave up on this
|
||||
route too. I was probably too far off the well tested configuration of x86,
|
||||
against GCC master.
|
||||
|
||||
Future work here is to trying building a `powerpc-ibm-aix` libgccjit from GCC
|
||||
master and see if that works.
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrap Up
|
||||
|
||||
[Bastian on Twitter](https://twitter.com/turbolent/status/1617231570573873152)
|
||||
has had some success compiling Rust to Web Assembly, Web Assembly to C89, C89
|
||||
to Mac OS 9 binary, which is definitely cool but I would still love to be able
|
||||
to generate native PPC code directly from `rustc` somehow.
|
||||
|
||||
This is where I have parked this project for now. I actually only discovered
|
||||
the post on building a Mac OS 9 application with Swift while writing this post.
|
||||
There are perhaps some ideas in there that I could explore further.
|
||||
|
||||
[swift]: https://belkadan.com/blog/2020/04/Swift-on-Mac-OS-9/
|
||||
[BlueSCSI]: https://github.com/erichelgeson/BlueSCSI
|
||||
[Retro68]: https://github.com/autc04/Retro68
|
||||
[SheepShaver]: https://sheepshaver.cebix.net/
|
||||
[Dialog sample]: https://github.com/autc04/Retro68/tree/5f882506013a0a8a4335350197a1b7c91763494e/Samples/Dialog
|
||||
[Pascal string]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)#Length-prefixed
|
||||
[libgccjit]: https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/jit/
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue