mirror of
https://github.com/wezm/wezm.net.git
synced 2024-12-25 05:29:54 +00:00
435 lines
9.8 KiB
Markdown
435 lines
9.8 KiB
Markdown
class: center, middle, ferris
|
||
|
||
Introduction to Rust
|
||
====================
|
||
|
||
Wesley Moore
|
||
------------
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Agenda
|
||
|
||
1. Features
|
||
2. Tooling
|
||
3. Concepts
|
||
4. Demo
|
||
5. Questions
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Introduction
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
fn main() {
|
||
println!("Rust Introduction");
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
> **Rust** is a systems programming language that runs blazingly fast, prevents
|
||
> segfaults, and guarantees thread safety.
|
||
|
||
— [rust-lang.org](https://www.rust-lang.org/)
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Systems Programming Language
|
||
|
||
* Compiles to native code.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Aims to solve the same sorts of problems that C and C++ are used to solve but
|
||
with improved safety.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Also seeing use in:
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Web (front and backend)
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Operating systems ([Redox OS][redox])
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Embedded systems (microcontrollers)
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Runs Blazingly Fast
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Runs Blazingly Fast
|
||
|
||
* No interpreter, no runtime.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Memory safety without garbage collection.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Zero cost abstractions.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
class: segfaults
|
||
|
||
# Prevents Segfaults
|
||
|
||
* No `nil`, `NULL` or other [billion dollar mistakes][billion-dollar-mistake].
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
This is not a thing. At all. Ever.
|
||
|
||
.center[[billion-dollar-mistake]: https://www.infoq.com/presentations/Null-References-The-Billion-Dollar-Mistake-Tony-Hoare]
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Guarantees Thread Safety
|
||
|
||
* Strongly, statically typed with an emphasis on safety and correctness.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Ownership model tracks owner and lifetime of memory.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* No data races: Compiler knows which thread owns what data.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* This leads to, "[Fearless Concurrency][fearless-concurrency]".
|
||
|
||
> Mozilla made two previous attempts to parallelize its style system in C++,
|
||
> and both of them failed. But Rust’s fearless concurrency has made parallelism
|
||
> practical!
|
||
|
||
— [Fearless Concurrency in Firefox Quantum](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2017/11/14/Fearless-Concurrency-In-Firefox-Quantum.html) (Nov 2017)
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Strong Static Type System
|
||
|
||
* Do more at compile time so fewer tests and runtime checks are required.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Concepts mostly familiar. No need to learn an entirely new paradigm.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Traits and generics instead of objects and inheritance.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Type inference reduces the need to provide type annotations.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Refactor with impunity — even in large code bases.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Tooling
|
||
|
||
Official distribution includes: `cargo`
|
||
--
|
||
:
|
||
|
||
* Build tool (no Makefiles)
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Package manager (like bundler)
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Test runner
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Documentation generator
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## Releases
|
||
|
||
Generally managed with `rustup`
|
||
--
|
||
:
|
||
|
||
* Official toolchain manager (like rbenv)
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* New releases every 6 weeks
|
||
* Committed to backwards compatibility in every release.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
class: crates
|
||
|
||
# Crates
|
||
|
||
* Rust favours a small, stable standard library.
|
||
* Crates are the equivalent of Ruby gems. They are published to
|
||
[crates.io](https://crates.io/).
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Community and Direction
|
||
|
||
* RFC process.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Systematic improvement.
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
* Emphasis on inclusion and building a friendly community.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
class: center, middle, bigger
|
||
|
||
Concepts
|
||
========
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Functions
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
fn add(left: i32, right: i32) -> i32 {
|
||
left + right
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fn main() {
|
||
let sum = add(2, 3);
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Conditionals: if
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
let temperature: i32 = 29;
|
||
|
||
if temperature > 25 {
|
||
println!("Wesley is happy");
|
||
}
|
||
else {
|
||
println!("Too cold");
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Conditionals: match
|
||
|
||
Can match structure and values:
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
let month = "jan";
|
||
|
||
match month {
|
||
"jan" => 1, "feb" => 2,
|
||
"mar" => 3, "apr" => 4,
|
||
"may" => 5, "jun" => 6,
|
||
"jul" => 7, "aug" => 8,
|
||
"sep" => 9, "oct" => 10,
|
||
"nov" => 11, "dec" => 12,
|
||
_ => panic!("invalid month"),
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Loops
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
let numbers = [1, 2, 3];
|
||
|
||
for i in numbers.iter() {
|
||
// do something
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
for i in 0..10 {
|
||
// do something
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Also less frequently used commonly used `loop` and `while`.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Functional or Imperative
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
fn variance_mean(data: &[f64], mean: f64) -> f64 {
|
||
let mut sum = 0.;
|
||
|
||
for d in data {
|
||
sum += (d - mean).powf(2.0);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sum / data.len() as f64
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Code from [hydromath] crate by Andrew MacDonald.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Functional or Imperative
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
fn variance_mean(data: &[f64], mean: f64) -> f64 {
|
||
data.into_iter()
|
||
.map(|d| (d - mean).powf(2.0))
|
||
.sum::<f64>() / data.len() as f64
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
--
|
||
|
||
You pay _no cost_ for using the higher level style, it compiles to identical
|
||
machine code (I checked).
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# enums
|
||
|
||
Type that represents one possibility of several variants. Variants may optionally
|
||
carry data.
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
enum SerialProtocol {
|
||
Usb,
|
||
Rs485,
|
||
Rs232,
|
||
I2C,
|
||
Spi,
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# structs
|
||
|
||
Type that carries structured data.
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
struct Person {
|
||
name: String,
|
||
age: i32,
|
||
favourite_serial_protocol: SerialProtocol,
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
impl Person {
|
||
fn name_and_age(&self) -> String {
|
||
format!("{} is {} years old", self.name, self.age)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Option
|
||
|
||
Instead of `nil` and `NULL` there is `Option`.
|
||
|
||
* Used to represent something that may be absent.
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
enum Option<T> {
|
||
Some(T),
|
||
None
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
# Result
|
||
|
||
When something can succeed or fail with an error.
|
||
|
||
* There are no exceptions in Rust, `Result` is how you handle errors.
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
enum Result<T, E> {
|
||
Ok(T),
|
||
Err(E)
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
Demo
|
||
====
|
||
|
||
Small tool that will determine a file's type from its extension:
|
||
|
||
```shell
|
||
filetype src/main.rs somefile.rb
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Should give output like:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Rust: src/main.rs
|
||
Ruby: src/somefile.rb
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
class: center, middle, bigger
|
||
|
||
Demo
|
||
====
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
class: center, middle, invert, bigger
|
||
|
||
<svg class="rust-logo" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" width="250px" height="250px" viewbox="0 0 144 144"><path d="M67.743 31.035a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 6.216 0a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 -6.216 0M30.666 59.175a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 6.216 0a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 -6.216 0m74.153.145a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 6.216 0a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 -6.216 0M39.663 63.578c1.43-.635 2.076-2.311 1.441-3.744l-1.379-3.118h5.423V81.16H34.207a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 -1.239-14.607zm22.685 0.601v-7.205h12.914c.667 0 4.71.771 4.71 3.794c0 2.51-3.101 3.41-5.651 3.41zM44.717 102.972a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 6.216 0a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 -6.216 0m46.051.145a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 6.216 0a3.108 3.108 0 0 1 -6.216 0m.961-7.048c-1.531-.328-3.037.646-3.365 2.18l-1.56 7.28a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 -31.911-.153l-1.559-7.28c-.328-1.532-1.834-2.508-3.364-2.179l-6.427 1.38a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 -3.323 -3.917h31.272c.354 0 .59-.064.59-.386V81.932c0-.322-.236-.386-.59-.386h-9.146v-7.012h9.892c.903 0 4.828.258 6.083 5.275.393 1.543 1.256 6.562 1.846 8.169.588 1.802 2.982 5.402 5.533 5.402h16.146a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 -3.544 4.102zm17.365-29.207a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 .081 6.643 h-3.926c-.393 0-.551.258-.551.643v1.803c0 4.244-2.393 5.167-4.49 5.402-1.997 .225-4.211-.836-4.484-2.058-1.178-6.626-3.141-8.041-6.241-10.486 3.847-2.443,7.85-6.047 7.85-10.871 0-5.209-3.571-8.49-6.005-10.099-3.415-2.251-7.196-2.702-8.216-2.702H42.509a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 21.408-12.082l4.786 5.021c1.082 1.133 2.874 1.175 4.006.092l5.355-5.122a38.265 38.265 0 0 1 26.196 18.657l-3.666 8.28c-.633 1.433.013 3.109 1.442 3.744zm9.143.134-.125-1.28 3.776-3.522c.768-.716.481-2.157-.501-2.523l-4.827-1.805-.378-1.246 3.011-4.182c.614-.85.05-2.207-.984-2.377l-5.09-.828-.612-1.143 2.139-4.695c.438-.956-.376-2.179-1.428-2.139l-5.166.18-.816-.99 1.187-5.032c.24-1.022-.797-2.06-1.819-1.82l-5.031 1.186-.992-.816.181-5.166c.04-1.046-1.184-1.863-2.138-1.429l-4.694 2.14-1.143-.613-.83-5.091c-.168-1.032-1.526-1.596-2.376-.984l-4.185 3.011-1.244-.377-1.805-4.828c-.366-.984-1.808-1.267-2.522-.503l-3.522 3.779-1.28-.125-2.72-4.395c-.55-.89-2.023-.89-2.571 0l-2.72 4.395-1.281.125-3.523-3.779c-.714-.764-2.156-.481-2.522.503l-1.805 4.828-1.245.377-4.184-3.011c-.85-.614-2.209-.048-2.377.984l-.83 5.091-1.143.613-4.694-2.14c-.954-.436-2.178.383-2.138 1.429l.18 5.166-.992.816-5.031-1.186c-1.022-.238-2.06.798-1.82 1.82l1.185 5.032-.814.99-5.166-.18c-1.042-.03-1.863 1.183-1.429 2.139l2.14 4.695-.613 1.143-5.09.828c-1.034.168-1.594 1.527-.984 2.377l3.011 4.182-.378 1.246-4.828 1.805c-.98.366-1.267 1.807-.501 2.523l3.777 3.522-.125 1.28-4.394 2.72c-.89.55-.89 2.023 0 2.571l4.394 2.72.125 1.28-3.777 3.523c-.766.714-.479 2.154.501 2.522l4.828 1.805.378 1.246-3.011 4.183c-.612.852-.049 2.21.985 2.376l5.089.828.613 1.145-2.14 4.693c-.436.954.387 2.181 1.429 2.139l5.164-.181.816.992-1.185 5.033c-.24 1.02.798 2.056 1.82 1.816l5.031-1.185.992.814-.18 5.167c-.04 1.046 1.184 1.864 2.138 1.428l4.694-2.139 1.143.613.83 5.088c.168 1.036 1.527 1.596 2.377.986l4.182-3.013 1.246.379 1.805 4.826c.366.98 1.808 1.269 2.522.501l3.523-3.777 1.281.128 2.72 4.394c.548.886 2.021.888 2.571 0l2.72-4.394 1.28-.128 3.522 3.777c.714.768 2.156.479 2.522-.501l1.805-4.826 1.246-.379 4.183 3.013c.85.61 2.208.048 2.376-.986l.83-5.088 1.143-.613 4.694 2.139c.954.436 2.176-.38 2.138-1.428l-.18-5.167.991-.814 5.031 1.185c1.022.24 2.059-.796 1.819-1.816l-1.185-5.033.814-.992 5.166.181c1.042.042 1.866-1.185 1.428-2.139l-2.139-4.693.612-1.145 5.09-.828c1.036-.166 1.598-1.524.984-2.376l-3.011-4.183.378-1.246 4.827-1.805c.982-.368 1.269-1.808.501-2.522l-3.776-3.523.125-1.28 4.394-2.72c.89-.548.891-2.021.001-2.571z"/></svg>
|
||
|
||
Questions?
|
||
==========
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
Credits
|
||
=======
|
||
|
||
* [Animated Ferris][animated-ferris] by A. L. Palmer, via [rustacean.net][rustacean].
|
||
* Portions of this talk were derived from [A Very Brief Intro to Rust][rust-intro]
|
||
Copyright © 2016 Ashley Williams.
|
||
* Benchmarks chart generated from data on [The Computer Language
|
||
Benchmarks Game][benchmarks] on 10 Jan 2018.
|
||
|
||
[rust-intro]: https://github.com/rustbridge/a-very-brief-intro-to-rust
|
||
[animated-ferris]: https://www.behance.net/gallery/42774743/Rustacean
|
||
[rustacean]: http://rustacean.net/
|
||
[fearless-concurrency]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ch16-00-concurrency.html
|
||
[redox]: https://www.redox-os.org/
|
||
[hydromath]: https://github.com/amacd31/hydromath_rs
|
||
[benchmarks]: https://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/
|